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There is some inconsistency in the literature relating to REM sleep abnormalities during sustained recovery. In one study, REM sleep architecture demonstrated a reversal during early recovery, with the first REM sleep episode of the night being the longest, despite a lack of depressive disorder in these subjects. The REM sleep architecture normalized over time with continued recovery (Imatoh et al., 1986). This phenomenon may suggest a normalization of the acrophase of REM sleep with sobriety and may also account for increased REM % during early recovery.
A multidisciplinary team of health experts collected and analysed the data collected through the questionnaires administered regarding alcohol and sleep habits. Chronic sleep problems were defined as those when participants who reported a sleep problem (based on the above dichotomy) at three or more data collection phases over the follow-up period. Children and adolescents of parents with AD have demonstrated lower delta power in their NREM sleep, greater power in the alpha frequencies in NREM and REM spectral PSG studies, and a shorter sleep duration (Tarokh and Carskadon, 2010, Dahl et al., 2003, Conroy et al., 2015, Schuckit and Bernstein, 1981). During the final hours of sleep when alcohol is metabolized by the body, it can have a disruptive effect on sleep, causing frequent waking and fragmented sleep.
Association between alcohol consumption and sleep traits: observational and mendelian randomization studies in the UK biobank
REM sleep findings have been inconsistent during this phase with some studies reporting a decreased REM sleep latency and increased REM % (Gillin et al., 1990a, Williams and Rundell, 1981) whereas other studies did not (Gillin et al., 1990b, Le Bon et al., 1997). It is to be noted that individuals in early recovery may overestimate their subjective SOL but underestimate their WASO, as compared to their PSG estimated indices (Conroy et al., 2006b). Alcohol is one of the most commonly used psychoactive substances in the community. Nonetheless, alcohol disrupts sleep through multiple mechanisms, such as disrupting electrophysiologic sleep architecture, triggering insomnia, and contributing to abnormalities of circadian rhythms and short sleep duration (SSD) in cross-sectional studies. Alcohol also increases breathing-related sleep events such as snoring and oxygen desaturation, especially in those with pre-existing problems.
Large-scale epidemiological studies with validated measures and good operational definitions of insomnia are clearly warranted to establish the incidence and prevalence of insomnia in the alcoholic population and its clinical course in relation to the alcohol disorder. While results of this meta-analysis suggest that insomnia interventions do not impact rates of alcohol abstinence among individuals with AUD, the methodological weaknesses of the studies included in this review may have limited our ability to detect significant changes in alcohol use. For example, only six of the nine studies in this review reported alcohol use outcomes; thus, we are unable to determine if other alcohol induced insomnia interventions had significant effects on rates of abstinence or relapse. Moreover, in the three behavioral intervention studies that measured alcohol-related outcomes (Arnedt et al., 2011; Chakravorty, Perlis, et al., 2016; Currie et al., 2004), most participants either reported abstinence or were required to abstain from alcohol for approximately one month prior to baseline. These relatively extended periods of pre-treatment abstinence may limit the ability to detect changes in alcohol use, due in part to limited rates of relapse over the course of the study. The outcomes of interest in this study were sleep quality, days of alcohol abstinence, and symptoms of depression.
2. Assessment of Alcohol Consumption
Further, bisexual women were more likely to experience short sleep duration and to be diagnosed with a sleep disorder compared to heterosexual women. The initial search resulted in 720 articles (174 in PsycInfo, 305 in PubMed, and 241 in Web of Science). After review https://ecosoberhouse.com/ of the abstracts to identify articles that met all the key search criteria, the list was narrowed to 27 articles reporting on observational longitudinal studies and three articles reporting on experimental studies (specifically, two intervention trials).
